巨屌 twitter 英语温习请示---阅读领会---著述的主旨和唐突 【医学考研版】

阅读领会当先是对著述主旨和唐突的领会，它是全文的笼统与回归，能否收拢这个中心，体现了读者回归、笼统和归纳事物的能力。每篇漫笔都有主题想想，而作家表现主题想想的手法各不调换。那么命题东说念主是如何凭证大纲对主旨唐突的条款来设计命题神志?考生又该如何掌合手漫笔的主旨唐突?本章勉强这两个问题永别加以讲解。 第一节 命 题 方 式 医学西席网凭证大纲对掌合手著述主旨唐突的条款，命题东说念主员的出题神志主要有主题型、标题型和方针型 医学教 育网集聚整理 。具体发问神志庸碌为： 1. What is the main idea the subject of the passage? 2.The key point ／ The main idea of the passage ／ The best summary is .3.The passage mainly deals with (is mainly about) . 4.Which of the following best reflects the main idea of the article? 医学西席网5.The main point the author makes in the passage is . 6.The best suitable title for the passage would might be . 7.With what topic is the passage primarily concerned? 8.The author`s purpose of writing this passage is . 医学 西席网征集整理 需要极端指出的是，标题型固然与主题句密切联系，但它们又有区别，找到了主题句不一定能找对标题。因为标题时常隐含于主题句之中，主题句只可使考生在定标题的时候有所启发，考生只可凭证主题句进行再抽象，然后找到标题。主题句在词法和句法上是一整句，而标题在结构上时常是单词或短语。主题句对整篇起到统率作用，而标题是整篇表现的对象。主题句语义明确，而标题则内含较深。 例如(1996年考题第4篇66题) What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America—breakthroughs such as the telegraph， the steamboat and the weaving machine? Among the many shaping factors， I would single out the country`s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal，“ spatial” thinking about things technological. Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics， especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states， were generally iterate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry. Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1953 reported， “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline， the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.” A further stimulus to invention came from the“ premium” system， which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach， originated abroad， offered inventors medals， cash prizes and other incentives. In the United States， multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance. Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation， the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out， A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual， nonverbal process … The designer and the inventor…are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.? This nonverbal “ spatial ”thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote， “ The mechanic should sit down among levers， screws， wedges， wheels， etc. ， like a poet among the letters of the alphabet， considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts， in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. ” When all these shaping forces—schools， open attitudes， the premium system， a genius for spatial thinking—interacted with one another on the rich US mainland， they produced that American characteristic， emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence. The best title for this passage might be . ［A］ Inventive Mind ［B］ Effective Schooling ［C］ Ways of Thinking ［D］ Outpouring of Inventions 本篇的主题句是开篇的第一句“What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America-?”在第二段就回话了这个问题，指出有四个方面：“excellent elementary schools; a labour force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal，“spatial”thinking about things technological”，后边几段都是围绕这一主题伸开。找到了主题句不一定能找到标题，本句的主语是“what accounts for …”，整篇著述对主语“What …”进行了详备的发扬，在所例举的四种解说中，尤其强调了临了一种，因此谜底选A项，即：“ Inventive mind accounts for the great outburst of major inventions …”。 第二节 掌合手漫笔主题句 为使读者能平直地了解语篇的主旨唐突，作家庸碌采用主题句的写稿手法，即用一句或几句话来平直抒发主题。这一主题句介意旨上具有笼统性，在句法上简略明了，全篇著述的各个部分都紧要密围绕主题伸开。在内容安排表层层铺述，逐步深入，直到把某一不雅点或事物敷陈得绝对明显。鉴于文学不同，漫笔主题句在文中的位置也不同。庸碌情况下可为分： 1.首段主题句漫笔的主题想想在首段有所笼统，著述一运行就明确主题，全文的每个段落都牢牢围绕这个主题伸开研究或讲解 。例如(1994年考题第1篇54题) The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise， market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the market-place for those goods and services that they want most. private businessmen， striving to make profits， produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive， operating undercompetitive pressures， largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus， in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumer， coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes， that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy， this mechanism is provided by a price system， a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand， the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If， on the other hand， producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost， this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers， which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus， price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system. The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property)， and they are permitted to hire labor， gain control over natural resources， and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy， the concept of private property em-braces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights， including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual. The passage is mainly about .［A］ how American goods are produced ［B］ how American consumers buy their goods ［C］ how American economic system works ［D］ how American businessmen make their profits 著述的首段首句点明主题：好意思国经济体制的组成基础是私营企业与商场经济，在商场中消费者用钱购买我方最需要的商品或服务，他们的需要在很猛进程上决定了家具的坐褥。著述第二、三段都是围绕“好意思国经济的这一特征极端如何运行”伸开的。其中第二段的首句“An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.”既是该段落的中枢，又是围绕首段主题伸开的辩论，指出“以商场为经济的进犯身分是消费者巧合抒发其需求；坐褥者巧合对这些需求作念出响应”。通常，第三段围绕本文的主题，发扬私营企业经济的一个进犯身分——允许私东说念主领有坐褥云尔，雇佣劳能源等。纵不雅全文，咱们不丢脸出采纳项C：“好意思国经济体制是如何运行的”笼统全文主题，尽管选项A、B和D所陈述的内容都是漫笔所谈到的，但却未具体研究与分析。 2.中段主题句 有的漫笔首段仅仅个序论，中段才是主题；尾段也可能有笼统性很强的句子，也便是说漫笔有两个主题句。尾段主题句在词法和句法上与前边的主题句不一定调换，内容上也不是不祥的重叠，大大批情况下后者不错对前者有所推行或适合前者的叙述铿锵有劲有所侧重。 例如(1994年考题第2篇58题) One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores， restaurants， and hotels， at home， across the country， and even abroad， and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically， making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations， whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon-it`s already here. While computers offer these conveniences to consumers， they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records， including who sold what， when， and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient， allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now， which to develop for the future， and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock， of raw materials on hand， and even of the production process itself. Numerous other commercial enterprises， from theaters to magazine publishers， from gas and electric utilities to milk processors， bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers. What is this passage mainly about? ［A］Approaches to the commercial use of computers. ［B］Conveniences brought about by computers in business. ［C］Significance of automation in commercial enterprises. ［D］Advantages of credit cards in business. 全文研究缱绻机的应用给消费者带来诸多便捷，主题句是漫笔中段的首句“While computers offer these conveniences to consumers， they have many advantages for sellers too.”(缱绻机在给消费者提供这些便捷的同期，也给销售者带来许多便捷)。接下来的内容均围绕这一主题巨屌 twitter，如：电子现款出纳机能作念……巨屌 twitter，愚弄缱绻机分析商场回报等。尾段又强化了主题巨屌 twitter，回归说“Numerous other commercial enterprises， ……，bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.”，指出缱绻机使用在其他方面所带来的益处。可见，在所给的四个采纳中，B项笼统全文主题。本文不在于讲解缱绻机如安在生意上使用；也不在于讲解“生意自动化的意旨”，故甩掉A、C项。尽管首段例举了信用卡的使用给消费者带来刚正，但作家仅仅通过这个例子来讲解缱绻机的应用给消费者带来许多便捷这一主题，因此，也甩掉D项。 第三节 掌合手段落主题句 一篇漫笔是凭证主题想想的各个方面、各个档次进行讲解、发扬和论证的。它的主体部分一般分红若干个段落，每一个段落应侧重于一个方面，况且就这一方面的内容进行伸开。因此，收拢每一段的中心内容(段落主题句)对于掌合手漫笔的主旨唐突大有匡助。由于文学不同，段落主题句在文中的位置也不尽调换。主要分为： 1.段首主题句 主题句位于段落的源流，一运行就明确主题，然后伸开研究或讲解，即给与演绎法，由一般到个别，由概述到详解。这种主题句给读者一种簇新明了的嗅觉，使东说念主一看就剖释段落所要发扬的内容，鞭辟入里，具有极强的感染力。段落中其他句子均受主题句的不断。判断段首主题句的步调是：分析段落的首句与第二、三句的关系，如果从第二句运行就对第一句进行讲解、敷陈或神情，那么第一句便是主题句。 例如(1991年考题第三篇43题) The actual amount of water in the plant at one time， however， is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis， by which carbon dioxide and water are combined-in the presence of chlorophyll(叶绿素)and with energy derived from light-to form sugars， require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings， through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf， however， permits another gas-water vapor-to be lost from it. Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities(3 to 4 parts in 10000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80°F， saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10000 parts of air)， the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually， because of wind and other factors， the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases. Also， not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leafs synthesized into carbonhydrate(碳水化合物). Question: This paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that . ［A］ a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbs ［B］ carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant development ［C］ a plant needs more water than is found in its composition ［D］ the stronger the wind， the more the water vapor loss 本题发问的是：本段用事实来展现的基本想想是哪一个?略读全文咱们发现本段一运行就摆出了主题“The actual amount of water in the plant at one time， however， is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development”，接下来的句子都是为了进行论证或发展这一主题句。采纳项A的内容是植物灵验地愚弄它所吸汲水分中的大部分，这与主题句所陈述的内容不符。主题句指出：“然而，植物中水的含量践诺上仅仅滋长历程中所收受水分中的一小部分”，这讲解植物并莫得很好地愚弄它吸取的水分中的大部分，而只愚弄了小部分。因此，采纳项A与主题相矛盾；采纳项B的内容是二氧化碳是植物滋长历程中所需的最进犯的物资，作家在本段里提到过“…二氧化碳和水通过光调解用历程合成糖类，这种光调解用历程需要来自空气中的二氧化碳进入植物”，但咱们并不行以此说二氧化碳是植物往年滋长所需的最进犯的物资，著述里也提到了水的作用，并莫得围绕这两个主题发扬，故也甩掉B项；采纳项C是植物需要的水分比其组织中的更多一些。咱们在上述分析中也曾知说念植物的滋长离不滚水，有大部分的水蒸气从植物中荒疏出来，而植物的滋长又离不开这些从植物中荒疏出来的很大一部分水蒸气。是以，正确谜底为C项。采纳项D的内容是风越大，水蒸气荒疏的就越多。从文中的几个发展句中咱们不错看出，空气中水蒸气的含量比二氧化碳的高，水蒸气荒疏赔本的总量是二氧化碳收受量的好多倍，水蒸气赔本量的大小受风和其他身分的影响，但咱们并不行因此得出论断说“风越大，水蒸气的忽地也就越大”。是以说选项D亦然不正确的。2.段尾主题句 主题句位于段落末尾，以加强段落的劝服力，作家给与的是归纳法，先叙述、后笼统，以强调凭证发扬句提供的具体事实作念出的论断。是对整段著述的笼统和回归，前边的句子都是临了一句论断的铺垫。 例如Imagine a world in which children would be the rulers and could decide not only the outcome of each and every occurrence， but also dictate the very structure and form of the environment. In this world， a child`s wildest thoughts would become reality limited only by the extent of his or her imagination. Which such a world might sound both fantastic and frightening， at least from a logical， adult perspective， it does exist. What`s more， it has been in existence for some time and is populated by hundreds of thousands of children who spend hours within its boundaries experimenting and learning. This world is not real， at least not in the traditional sense， but exists within a computer and is generated by an educational programming language called LOGO. Unlike other computer languages and programs that are designed to test children and provide applications that formally dispense information， LOGO allows children，朴妮唛吧 even preschool children to be in total control. Children teach the computer to think and as a result develop and sharpen their own reasoning ability. The best title for this passage would be ［A］ “Children Rule the World”［B］ “Children Learn Reasoning Using LOGO” ［C］ “Computer Languages” ［D］ “The Unreal World of the Child and the Computer” 本文当先“请东说念主们设计一个完全由儿童总揽的世界”，在这个世界里，“a child`s wildest thoughts would become reality limited only by the extent of his or her imagination”。接撰述者又交待原本这种世界只“exist within a computer”，是“由名为LOGO的西席法子讲话产生的。”在先容完LOGO讲话之后，作家说念出主题，对整篇著述进行了笼统和回归，凭证发扬句的具体事物作念出论断：“Children teach the computer to think and as a result develop and sharpen their own reasoning ability.”理顺著述的条理就不难找出正确谜底。 著述的方针不在于讲解“儿童总揽通盘世界”，而是用它打下伏笔，进而先容LOGO法子巧合匡助儿童发展并擢升我方的推理能力。因此，选项A是虚伪的；选项C的内容是对于“缱绻机讲话”，作念这篇著述的题目太空泛，也不妥当，文中只提到LOGO这样一种西席法子讲话，说到它“不同于那些用来测试儿童以及提供负责箝制信息的应用的其他缱绻机讲话的法子”，关联词并莫得进一步发扬其他缱绻机讲话；选项D对本文是一种扭曲，它完全脱离LOGO这种讲话法子如实存在的现实，现实中如实不存在一个完全由儿童总揽的世界，但不行下论断说儿童与缱绻机是不果然的世界。惟一选项B从儿童掌合手使用LOGO讲话不错发展我方的推理能力的角度来成立主题，恰好与著述的论断“…develop and sharpen their own reasoning ability”相吻合。因此，正确谜底应属B项。 3.段中主题句 有的段落开段一、两句或几句都是铺叙，作家的方针是用这个序论引出主题。主题句之后仍有一定数目的句子陈述、敷陈或推行这一主题句。段中主题句的段落结构是：或者先提倡问题，然后赐与回话，再赐与解说，即“发问—回话—再解说”；或者先用一、两个序论，然后点明主题，再赐与解说，即“引题—主题句—解说”。 例如 Teaching is supposed to be a professional activity requiring long and complicated training， as well as official certification. The act of teaching is looked upon as a flow of knowledge from a higher source to an empty container. The student`s role is one of receiving information; the teacher`s role is one of sending it. There is a clear distinction assumed between one who is supposed to know (and therefore， not capable of being wrong) and another， usually younger person， who is supposed not to know. However， teaching need not be the province of a special group of people， nor need it be looked upon as a technical skill. Teaching can be more like guiding and assisting， than forcing information into a supposedly empty head. If you have a certain skill you should be able to share it with someone. You do not nave to get certified to convey what you know to someone else or to help them in their attempt to teach themselves. All of us， from the very youngest children to the oldest members of our cultures， should come to realize our own potential as teachers. We can share what we know， however little it might be， with someone who has need of that knowledge or skill. What is the main point the author makes in the paragraph? ［A］ It is not difficult to be a good teacher. ［B］ Every person has the potential to be a teacher. ［C］ Teaching is a professional activity requiring special training. ［D］ Teaching is the flow of knowledge from a higher source to an empty container. 作家一运行在敷陈“teaching”时，并莫得平直了当地讲解我方的不雅点，而是用“is supposed to be…”，又进一步敷陈“There is a clear distinction assumed between the one who is supposed to know and another…who is supposed not to know”.从以上这几个句子中所使用的“suppose”、“assume”等词汇中，咱们也该长远地意志到这并不是作家的想法。竟然，著述直转急下，用一个漂浮词“however”来标明作家的观念，“teaching need not be the province of a special group of people， nor need it be looked upon as a technical skill”，涵养不应是强制性的灌注，而应该是一种指令、匡助的历程。“All of us，……， should come to realize our own potential as teachers”这一主题想想是在回归、陈述其原因之后才摆出来的，在分析完著述主题之后就不难作念出采纳了。A项说作念又名好教师不难，践诺上是扭曲了著述的目的。著述敷陈的是涵养的本色应该如何，并不是单纯见示学历程的不祥性；C项恰好表述了与著述主题相背的想想，也恰是咱们常东说念主所觉得的那样，而在作家看来，这种不雅点站不住脚，这点从“teaching need not be…，nor need it be looked upon as a technical skill”中就能看清；D项与C项调换，也与作家的观念相背，“Teaching can be more like guiding and assisting， than forcing information into a supposedly empty head”，至于“The act of teaching is looked upon as a flow of knowledge from a higher source to an empty container”仅仅一种“supposition”或“assumption”，是作家为引出主题而用的序论。惟一B项巧合抒发作家在这篇著述中所持的不雅点和作风。因此，正确谜底只关联词B项。 第四节 把合手语篇段落的伸开 掌合手所读材料的主旨和唐突便是条款考生从漫笔举座上把合手漫笔的中心想想。这个中心想想便是整篇语句表现的一个共同信息值。这一信息值的得出需要考生把每一当然段的信息集合、组织起来，形成漫笔的主题想想。主题想想的信息值一定等于问题加正确选项的信息值。 有的著述主题想想并不是平直由一、两个句子表述，而是通过发扬句表露出来，这便是常说的无明确主题句，需要考生凭证文中细节进行笼统与归纳，即：将不同细节所集会敷陈的重点笼统出来或者将整篇著述的系数内容综合起来，然后再下论断。在求解主题想想信息值时一定要把合手漫笔的篇章结构，通过对篇章结构的领会，即：从因果关系、例证关系、对比关系、逻辑分析等具体内容、细节和作家的选词当中，把合手主题想想。 例如Having no language， infants cannot be told what they need to learn. Yet by the age of three they will have mastered the basic structure of their native language and will be well on their way to communicative competence. Acquiring their language is a most impressive intellectual feat. Students of how children learn language generally agree that the most remarkable aspect of this feat is the rapid acquisition of grammar. Nevertheless， the ability of children to conform to grammatical rules is only slightly more wonderful than their ability to learn words. It has been reckoned that the average high school graduate in the United States has a reading vocabulary of 80000 words， which includes idiomatic expressions and proper names of people and places. This vocabulary must have been learned over a period of 16 years. From the figures， it can be calculated that the average child learns at a rate of about 13 new words per day. Clearly a learning process of great complexity goes on at a rapid rate in children. What is the main subject of the passage? ［A］ Language acquisition in Children［B］ Teaching languages to children ［C］ How to Memorize words［D］ Communicating with words 本段著述中未出现明确的主题句，但是，通篇都在指摘儿童学习讲话的特色、步调及历程，磋商儿童学习讲话的讲话学家公认，儿童到3岁时就会掌合手母语的基本结构，接近交际能力。“Clearly a learning process of great complexity goes on at a rapid rate in children”。因此，咱们不错得出论断说：儿童的讲话学习是本篇著述的主题，谜底为A项。文中没提教儿童学讲话，只说过“莫得讲话，就不行告诉幼儿需要学什么”，是以，B项不予接头；C项内容是如何记单词，文中并没告诉咱们记单词的步调，仅仅提倡“普通好意思国中学毕业生的阅读词汇是8万单词…这些词汇一定是经过16年的时辰才学到等等；D项波及用讲话进行交流，而著述通篇莫得“communicate”的字样，故后几项一皆甩掉。 第五节 专项阅读熟练 Passage 1 Before the 1870`s， trained nurses were virtually unknown in the United States. Hospital nursing was an unskilled occupation， taken up by women of the lower classes， some of whom were conscripted from the penitentiary or the almshouse. The movement for reform originated not with doctors， but among upper-class women， who had taken on the role of guardians of a new hygienic order. Though some doctors approved of the women`s desire to establish a nurses training school， which would attract the daughters of the middle class， other medical men were opposed. Plainly threatened by the prospect， the objected that educated nurses would not do as they were told-a remarkable comment on the status anxieties of nineteenth-century physicians. But the women reformers did not depend on the physicians` approval: When resisted， as they were at Bellevue in efforts to install trained nurses on the maternity wards， they went over the heads of the doctors to men of their own class of greater power and authority. (Florence Nightingale， who had friends high in the English government， had followed exactly the same course in reforming her country`s military hospitals.) professional nursing， in short， emerged neither from medical discoveries nor from a program of hospital reform initiated by physicians; outsiders saw the need first. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? ［A］ public Hygiene in the United States ［B］ Florence Nightingale: A Nurse`s story ［C］ The Fight for Nursing Education in the United States ［D］ Health Care in Upper-and lower-class Neighborhoods Passage 2 The economy of the United States after 1952 was the economy of a well-fed， almost fully employed people. Despite occasional alarms， the country escaped any postwar liquidation and lived in a state of boom. The history of extraction， production， and distribution had therefore been almost nothing but a statistical table reflecting prosperity. An economic survey of the year 1955， a typical year of the 1950`s， may be typical as illustrating the decade. The national output was valued at about 10 percent above that of 1954 (1955 output was estimated at 392 billion dollars). The production of manufacturers was about 40 percent more than it had averaged in the years immediately following World War Ⅱ.The country`s business spent about 30 billion dollars for new factories and machinery. National income available for spending was almost a third greater than it had been in 1950. Consumers spent about 256 billion dollars; that is， about 700 million dollars a day， or about twenty-five million dollars every hour， all around the clock. Sixty-five million people held jobs and only a little more than two million wanted jobs but could not find them. Only agriculture complained that it was not sharing in the boom. To some observers this was an ominous echo of the mid-1920`s. As farmers` share of their products declined， marketing costs rose. But there were few pessimists among the observers of the national economy. Those few seemed to fear that the prosperity was based on government pump-priming on a stupendous scale. The passage is mainly concerned with which of the following aspects of the United States history? ［A］ The agricultural trends of the 1950`s［B］ The unemployment rate in 1955［C］ The general economic situation in the 1950`s［D］ the federal budget of 1952 Passage 3 During the American War of Independence， women were involved in the active fighting in three ways. First， as members of a distinct branch of the Continental Army， referred to as “Women of the Army”， women water carriers， who had plenty of opportunity to observe the firing of cannons， could replace a wounded comrade. The second way that women were involved in active fighting was as regular troop members who wore men`s uniforms and fought side by side with their male counterparts. Theoretically， women were not supposed to be recruited into the Continental Army， but if a woman was a good soldier， no one made an issue of sex at a time when the army was so short of soldiers that boys not yet in their teens were also being recruited in violation of rules. Third， women were occasional fighters affiliated with local militia companies or committees of safety firmed to protect the local community. What is the main idea expressed in the passage? ［A］ Women played an important role in military hospitals during the Revolutionary War. ［B］ The Continental Army was successful in teaching women to fire cannons. ［C］ The services of women on committees of safety were crucial in winning the war. ［D］ Woman were active in combat during the Revolutionary War. Passage 4 In the long run a government will always encroach upon freedom to the extent to which it has the power to do so; this is almost a natural law of politics， since whatever the intentions of the men who exercise political power， the sheer momentum of government leads to a constant pressure upon the liberties of the citizen. But in many countries society has responded by throwing up its own defenses in the shape of social classes or organized corporations which， enjoying economic power and popular support， have been able to set limits to the scope of action of the executive. Such， for example， in England was the origin of all our liberties-won from government by the stand first of the feudal nobility， then of churches and politics parties， and lately of trade unions， commercial organizations， and the societies for promoting various causes. Even in European lands which were arbitrarily ruled， the powers of the monarchy， though absolute in theory， were in their exercise checked in a similar fashion. Indeed the fascist dictatorships of today are truly tyrannical governments which fashion. Indeed the fascist dictatorships of today are truly tyrannical governments which western Europe has known for centuries， and they have been rendered possible only because on coming to power they destroyed all forms of social organization which were in any way rivals to the state. The main idea of this paragraph is best expressed as . ［A］ limited powers of monarchies［B］ the ideal of liberal government ［C］ functions of trade unions［D］ safeguards of individual liberty Passage 5 American Indians played a central role in the war known as the American Revolution. To them， however， the dispute between the colonists and England was peripheral. For American Indians the conflict was a war for American Indian independence， and whichever side they choose they lost it. Mary Brant was a powerful influence among the Iroquois. She was a Mohawk， the leader of the society of all Iroquois matrons， and the widow of Sir William Johnson， Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Her brother， Joseph Brant， is the best-known American Indian warrior of the Revolution， yet she may have exerted even more influence in the confederacy than he did. She used her influence to keep the western tribes of Iroquois loyal to the English King， George Ⅲ. When the colonists won the war， she and her tribe had to abandon their lands and retreat to Canada. On the other side， Nancy Ward held positions of authority in the Cherekee nation. she had fought as a warrior in the war against the Creeks and as a reward for her heroism was made “Beloved Woman” of the tribe. This office made her chief of chiefs. She was friendly with the White settlers and supported the Patriots during the Revolution. Yet the Cherekees too lost their land. What is the main point the author makes in the passage? ［A］ Siding with English in the Revolution helped American Indians regain their land ［B］ At the time of the revolution， the Superintendent of Indian Affairs had little power ［C］ Regardless of whom they supported in the Revolution， American Indians lost their land ［D］ The outcome of the Revolution was largely determined by American Indian women Passage 6 Forces other than damaging winds are also at work inside tornadoes. Sometimes， as the twisting funnel passes over a house， the walls and ceiling burst apart as if a bomb had gone off inside. This explosion is caused by the low air pressure at the center of a tornado. The pressure at the center of a tornado is usually 13 pounds per square inch. However， inside the house the air pressure is normal， about 15 pounds per square inch. The difference of 2 pounds per square inch between the inside and outside pressure may not seem like much. But suppose a tornado funnel passes over a small building that measures 20 by 10 feet. On each square inch of the building， there is 2 pounds of pressure from the inside that is not balance by air pressure outside the building. on the ceiling， that added up to an unbalanced pressure of 57000 pounds. The pressure on the four walls adds up to 172800 pounds. If windows are open in the building， some of the inside air rush out through them. This will balance the pressure inside and outside the building. But if the windows are shut tightly， the enormous inside pressure may cause the building to burst. Unfortunately， heavy rain and hail often occur in thunderstorms that later produce tornadoes. so people frequently shut all windows to protect their property. This may cause far worse damage later. For the same reason， tornado cellars must have an air vent， otherwise， the cellar door might be blown out when a tornado passes over it. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage? ［A］ How tornadoes can be prevented［B］ When tornadoes usually occur ［C］ Where tornadoes are formed［D］ Why tornadoes cause so much damage Passage 7 Resources can be said to be scarce in both an absolute and in a relative sense; the surface of the Earth is finite， imposing absolute scarcity; but the scarcity that concerns economists is the relative scarcity in different uses. Materials used for one purpose cannot at the same time be used for other purposes; if the quantity of an input is limited， the increased use of it in one manufacturing process must cause it to become less available for other uses. The cost of a product in terms of money may not measure its true cost to society. The true cost of， say， the construction of a supersonic jet is the value of the schools and refrigerators that will never be built as a result. Every act of production uses up some of society`s available resources; it means the fore going of an opportunity to produce something else. In deciding how to use resources most effectively to satisfy the wants of the community， this opportunity cost must ultimately be taken into account. In a market economy the price of a good and the quantity supplied depends on the cost of making it， and that cost， ultimately， is the cost of not making other goods. The market mechanism enforces this relationship. The cost of， say， a pair of shoes is the price of the leather， the labor， the fuel， and other elements used up in producing them. But the price of these inputs， in turn， depends on what they can produce elsewhere-if the leather can be used to produce handbags that are valued highly by consumers， the price of leather will be bid up correspondingly. What does this passage mainly discuss? ［A］ The scarcity of manufactured goods［B］ The value of scarce materials ［C］ The manufacturing of scarce goods［D］ The cost of producing shoes Passage 8 (1990年试题) In May 1989， space shuttle “Atlantis” released in outer space the space probe “Megallan”， which is now on her 15-month and one-billion-kilometer flight to Venus. A new phase in space exploration has begun. The planet Venus is only slightly smaller than Earth; it is the only other object in the solar system， in fact， that even comes close to the Earth`s size. Venus has a similar density， so it is probably made of approximately the same stuff， and it has an atmosphere， complete with clouds. It is also the closest planet to earth， and thus the most similar in distance from the sun. In short， Venus seems to justify its long-held nickname of “earth`s twin.” The surface temperature of Venus reaches some 900F. Added to that is an atmospheric pressure about 90 times Earth`s. High overhead in the carbon dioxide (CO2) that passer for air is a layer of clouds， perhaps 10 to 20 miles thick， whose little drops consist mostly of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). water is all but nonexistent. Born with so many fundamental similarities to Earth， how did Venus get to be so radically different: It is not just an academic matter. For all its extremes， Venus is a valuable laboratory for researchers studying the weather and climate of Earth. It has no Earth`s oceans， so the heat-transport and other mechanisms are greatly simplified. In addition， the planet Venus takes 243 earthdays to turn once on its axis， so incoming heat from the sun is added and distributed at a more leisurely， observable pace. The main idea of this passage is about . ［A］ problems of space travel［B］ scientific methods in space exploration ［C］ the importance of Venus to Earth［D］ conditions on Venus Passage 9 Taste is such a subjective matter that we don`t usually conduct preference tests for food. The most you can say about anyone`s preference， is that it`s one person`s opinion. But because the two big cola companies-coca-cola and Pepsi cola-are marketed so aggressively， we`ve wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. we set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either Coca-Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting. We invited staff volunteers who has a strong liking for either Coca-Cola Classic or Pepsi， Diet (低糖的) coke， or Diet Pepsi. These were people who thought they`d have no trouble telling their brand from the other brand. We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time， regular colas for the one group， diet versions for the other. we asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the records statistically to compare the participants` choices with what mere guess-work could have accomplished. Getting all four samples right was a tough test， but not too tough， we thought， for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end， only 7 out of 19 regular cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse-only 7 of 27 identified all four samples correctly. While both groups did better than chance would predict， nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times. Two people got all four samples wrong. Overall， half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first， so fatigue， or taste burnout， was not a factor. our preference test results suggest that only a few Pepsi participants and coke fans may reality be able to tell their favorite brand by taste and price. The author`s purpose in writing this passage is to . ［A］ show that taste preference is highly subjective ［B］ argue that taste testing is an important marketing strategy ［C］ emphasize that taste and price are closely related to each other ［D］ recommend that blind tasting be introduced in the quality control of cola Passage 10 Procrastinators are people who have a chronic habit of putting things off， usually until the last minute and sometimes until it is too late altogether. The most common reason that procrastinators themselves give for their habit， which they are usually quite willing to talk about even if not willing to change， is that they are lazy. Other typical excuses are that they are undisciplined， brilliant but disorganized， or very poor at organizing their time. Some procrastinators， however， almost against their very nature， actually get as far as trying to do something about their problem and seek help. Recent research with such people seems to suggest that their difficulties are much more complex than the procrastinators themselves think. The general conclusions are that such people have a vulnerable sense of self-worth， are particularly fearful of failure， and deliberately put things off precisely so that they never leave themselves time to produce their best work. The reason for their delaying tactics is that， since they do everything at the last moment and under pressure， the procrastinators can retain their illusion of brilliance without ever having to put it to the test. 1. The main idea in the first paragraph is . ［A］ the nature of procrastination ［B］ the undisciplined character of procrastinators ［C］ that disorganization is the procrastinator`s main problem ［D］ the reasons procrastinators give for their behavior 2. The main idea in the second paragraph is . ［A］ how procrastinators have an illusion of brilliance ［B］ how procrastinators seek help ［C］ research findings regarding procrastinators ［D］ that procrastinators always leave everything until the last moment 3. A suitable title for this passage might be . ［A］ The Chronic Habit of Procrastination ［B］ Procrastination: Exercises and Reality ［C］ Disorganization， the True Cause of Procrastination ［D］ Procrastination: Never Do Today What You Can Put Off Until Tomorrow 4. Of all the following ideas that appear in the passage， which do you think the author attributes most importance to? ［A］ Some procrastinators seek help for their problem ［B］ Procrastinators， in general， put off things deliberately so as to avoid a real test ［C］ Procrastinators usually think that they are very bad at organizing their time ［D］ Procrastinators sometimes put off things until it is too late Passage 11 What does a scientist do when he or she “explains” something? Scientific explanation comes in two forms; generalization and reduction. Most psychologists deal with generalization. They explain particular instances of behavior as examples of general laws. For instance most psychologists would explain a pathologically strong fear of dogs as an example of classical conditioning. presumably， the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal(perhaps the person was knocked down by a dog) and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response-fear. Most physiologists deal with reduction. Phenomena are explained in terms of simpler phenomena. For example， the movement of a muscle is explained in terms of changes in the membrane of muscle cells， entry of particular chemicals， and interactions between protein molecules within these terms of forces that bind various molecules together and cause various parts of these molecules to be attracted to one another. The task of physiological psychology is to “explain” behavior in physiological terms. Like other scientists， physiological psychologists believe that all natural phenomena-including human behavior-are subject to the laws of physics. Thus， the laws of behavior can be reduced to descriptions of physiological processes. How does one study the physiology of behavior? Physiological psychologists simply be reductionists. It is not enough to observe behaviors and correlate them with physiological events that occur at the same time. Identical behaviors， Under different conditions， may occur for different reasons， and thus be initiated by different physiological mechanisms: This means that we must understand “psychologically” why a particular behavior occurs before we can understand what physiological events made it occur. What does the passage mainly discuss? ［A］ The difference between “scientific” and “unscientific” explanations ［B］ The difference between human and animal behavior ［C］ How fear would be explained by the psychologist， physiologist， and molecular biologist ［D］ How scientists differ in their approaches to explaining natural phenomena Passage 12 A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So， as police officer， I have some urgent things to say to good people. Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud America way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing， and I think I know what it is: accountability. Accountability isn`t hard to define. it means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences. Of the many values that hold civilization together-honesty， Kindness， and so on accountability may be the most important of all. Without it， there can be no respect， no trust， no law-and， ultimately， no society. My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse， or have never learned， to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows， external controls on people`s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt， shame and embarrassment. Fortunately there are still communities-smaller towns， usually-where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not tolerated-they simply are not done!” Yet more and more， especially in our larger cities and suburbs， these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants， including your life if you enrage him. The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago， if a crime was committed， society was considered the victim. Now， in a shocking reversal， it`s the criminal who is consider victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing， by the school that didn`t teach him to read， by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance， by the parents who didn`t provide a stable home. I didn`t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal， even partly， from accountability， we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything. We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it. The key point of the passage is that . ［A］ Stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families ［B］ more good examples should be set for people to follow ［C］ more restrictions should be imposed on people`s behavior ［D］ more people should accept the value of accountability 第六节 专项阅读熟练谜底与解题想路 Passage 1 谜底为C项。 著述提到，在19世纪70年代往常，好意思国还谈不上有受过考试的照应。然后又交待好意思国表层阶级的妇女发动校正畅通，有些医师不奖饰妇女竖立照应考试学校，“But the women reformers did not depend on the physicians` approval …”著述的收场进行回归说“professional nursing … emerged neither from medical discoveries nor from a program of hospital reform initiated by physicians; outsiders saw the need first.”便是说竖立照应考试学校是因为有此需要，因而好意思国表层阶级的妇女率先兴起、进入这项校正畅通。对著述的细节进行归纳后就不丢脸出哪一个采纳项是本文最好标题。A项的内容是好意思国的大家卫生，这在著述里根柢未波及到；B项的Florence Nightingale是在叙述有些女校正家逾越医师去找她们本阶级那些更有权势的须眉时所举的一个例子，说她在英国 政府中有些身居高位的一又友，她在校正她的国度队列病院时，便是给与这种步调。例举Florence Nightingale是为了加强主题想想的劝服力，它仅仅一个小小的细节，根柢不行作念标题；C项是对于为竖立照应考试学校而进行的不懈发奋，正巧与著述的内容相吻合；D项指摘的是上、基层阶级的卫生保健，著述中也没谈及，因此，很容易甩掉。Passage 2 谜底为C项。著述运行就叙述“1952年以后的好意思国经济是一种丰衣足食和简直充分劳动的经济”，接着是在各个边界中谈及快乐的征象，比如：世界产量、制造业等。总之波及的全是经济问题，连合著述永远。A项是对于50年代好意思国农业的趋势，著述在例举经济在各方面呈现快乐征象时，趁机提一句：“Only agriculture complained that it was not sharing in the boom”，对于农业发展的趋势并不是作家要发扬的主题。B项是对于1955年的安静率，作家在讲解1955年世界产量的增长、制造业坐褥的增长以及消费者消费增长的同期，为了强调这一时代的快乐征象，用6500万东说念主有责任，而惟一200来万东说念主想劳动但却找不到责任来映衬，并不在于讲解其安静率有若干。D项著述中根柢未加波及。惟一C项，讲解20世纪50年代好意思国总的经济情况，笼统著述的主题所波及的几个方面。 Passage 3 谜底为D项。著述第一句开门见平地指出“妇女在好意思国零丁构兵中平直参加了构兵，体刻下三个方面”，点明了本文的主题，笼统了中心想想，因此是主题句。段中的其他各句都服务于主题句所表述的主题，第一个方面体刻下“women staffed field hospitals and acted as military support …”；第二个方面体刻下“…as regular troop members”；临了是收场句“…women were occasional fighters affiliated with local militia companies or committees of safety formed to protect the local community.”妇女以上述三种神志积极参与。采纳项A仅仅三种神志中的一种；采纳项B与文中所述内容不符；采纳项C又夸大了妇女在构兵中的作用。惟一选项D全面地笼统了本文主旨。 Passage 4 谜底为D项。本题商议著述的中心想想。本文的中心想想在段中(段中主题句)。尽管著述以“… a government will always encroach upon freedom…”运行，但是紧接着连词“but”引出了主题，凹凸句形成一个漂浮的逻辑关系。通盘主题围绕着“in many countries society has responded by throwing up its defenses in the shape of social classes…”，接着还例举了英国的实例来讲解在许多国度里，社会所采用的对策，以社会各阶级或以组织机构的体式竖立我方的防护技巧，因为这些阶级和机构享有经济实力浑朴的行家的复旧。著述临了回归说“Even in European lands which were arbitrarily ruled， the powers of the monarchy， though absolutely in theory， were in their exercise checked in a similar fashion”。综不雅全文，采纳D项最能笼统全文的主题。 Passage 5 谜底为C项。本文开首便交待好意思国印第安东说念主在那场被称为“好意思国大改进”的构兵中施展了进犯作用，这一句不错看作念是个序论，信得过的主题句是下边内容，用一个漂浮词“however”引出“对好意思国印第安东说念主来说，隶属国住户和英国之间的争执是与己无关的局外事”，以及“For American Indians the conflict was a war for American Indian independence， and whichever side they chose they lost it.”然后为了解说这一主题想想，作家援用Iroquois族妇女首脑Mary Brant和领有“Beloved Woman”称呼的“Cherekee”族女强人Nancy Ward的例子来讲解 “好意思国印第安东说念主在这场构兵中无论站在哪一边，他们都失去了零丁”这一主题。因此C项为正确谜底。A项内容恰好与主题表述内容相背； B项内容与原文也不符；D项夸大了妇女的作用，文中仅仅例举二位印第安东说念主女强人，并没讲解好意思国零丁构兵的凯旋主要靠好意思国印第安妇女。Passage 6 谜底为D项。本篇著述主要发扬龙卷风起轻佻作用的原因——其里面的力，主淌若由于“the low air pressure at the center of a tornado”。接下来的几段都是围绕这一主题伸开的，先后详备地讲述了龙卷风中心的气压和屋内的气压，从屋内与屋外之间逐日常英寸的压力差来分析龙卷风形成的赔本。采纳项D所发扬的内容是“如何驻防龙卷风”，固然文中也浸透了一些对于如何使屋表里气压达到均衡以幸免广博的内压使建筑物发生爆炸，但这仅仅作家为了讲解主题时所提到的一种步调，不行看成本 文的标题；采纳项B的内容(什么时候时常刮龙卷风)文中根柢未波及；采纳项C(龙卷风在那边形成的)甩掉，原因与B项调换；惟一 采纳项D(龙卷风为什么会带来这样大的赔本)相宜题意。Passage 7 谜底为B项。本文一运行就交待了主题“Resources can be said to be scarce in both an absolute and a relative sense …if the quantity of an input is limited， the increased use of it in one manufacturing process must cause it to become less available for other uses.”(用于一种方针的材料不行同期用于其他方针；如果进入量有限，那么在某个加工历程中加多它的使用量就一定会使其他用途更难取得材料)。第二段用例如的神志讲解“The cost of a product in terms of money may not measure its true cost to society”； 原因是“每种坐褥行为都会耗尽社会不错取得的某些资源；它意味着覆没一个坐褥某种其他家具的契机”。第三段作家叙述在商场经济中， 一种商品的价钱和供给量取决于它的坐褥资本，“and that cost， ultimately， is the cost of not making other goods”。因此说， 整篇著述都是围绕商品的价钱极端是比拟穷乏的资源或材料的价钱是由什么来决定的。采纳项B笼统了这个主题。Passage 8 谜底为C项。漫笔第一段叙述东说念主类对寰宇空间正进行探索；第二、三段对金星(The planet Venus)与地球(Earth)的许多相似与不同之处进行比拟；在第四段中点出主题：“Venus is a valuable Laboratory for researchers studying the weather and climate of earth”，讲解磋商金星与地球异同的方针是为了更好地磋商地球。故而正确谜底采纳C。 Passage 9 谜底为A项。本主旨题为方针型，全文的主题句在首段首句“Taste is such a subjective matter that we don`t usually conduct preference tests for food. ”第二句作家又进一步解说这一主题，指出“The most you can say about anyone`s preference， is that it`s one person`s opinion”。作家为说明“个东说念主的口味庄重全凭主不雅意思”，作念了一项实验，其规律标明“only a few Pepsi participants and coke fans may really be able to tell there favorite brand by taste and price.”。在四个选项中，A项恰好抒发了作家撰写本文之方针。 Passage 10 1.谜底为D项。本题商议的是第一段的中心想想，略读完本篇，咱们知说念作家在第一段里当先给“Procrastinator”下个界说，指出他们是一种“people who have a chronic habit of putting things off， usually until the last minute and sometimes until it is too late altogether”。鄙人完界说之后，作家接着指出这些劳动空泛的东说念主承认他们劳动空泛最主要的原因便是懒惰，此外还有组织顺次差、不善于安排我方的时辰等原因。因此，咱们不错看出，第一段除向咱们先容“procrastinator”除外，只提到他们空泛的原因。是以，采纳项D最能抒发第一段的主题。 2.谜底为C项。文中第二段当先用一个序论，然后引出主题，讲解最近的实验标明procrastinators的辛劳比他们我方设想的要复杂，其论断是“…such people have a vulnerable sense of self-worth， are particularly fearful of failure， and deliberately put things off precisely so that…”，空泛的原因是“since they do everything at the last moment…， the procrastinators can retain their illusion of brilliance without ever having to put it to the test”。通盘段落主淌若讲最近对劳动空泛的东说念主的磋商规律。 3.谜底为B项。通过上述两题对本文一、二段的分析，咱们知说念这篇著述主要讲解劳动空泛的东说念主给我方的步履找借口，而实验磋商却标明他们空泛的习性并不像他们我方觉得的那么不祥，事实上是这些东说念主由于太发怵失败了，而专诚迟延时辰，这样他们就不会有满盈的时辰把事情作念好，为我方没能出色地完成任务寻找借口(时辰紧、压力大)。因此，采纳项B笼统了著述的主题，它表露著述是对于劳动空泛(迟延)的借口与果然性。 4谜底为B项。著述第一段是对于procrastinators为我方步履找到的借口。第二段才是作家要指出的问题的实质性，用一个漂浮词“however”来引出果然的起因，作家用实验的规律来驳斥procrastinators的自我分析，从中强调procrastinators劳动空泛的果然原因并不像他们我方所觉得的那样，而是专诚耽误事情，这样不错幸免对他们的进修，因为这些东说念主自我价值不雅念很差，可又极端发怵失败受挫，于是就只好专诚空泛。 Passage 11 谜底为D项。本文主要发扬激情学家、生理学家、以及生理激情学家用多样不同步调来解说多样当然征象。漫笔当先提倡“What does scientist do when he or she `explain` something?”第二句又给出谜底“Seintific explanation comes in two forms: generaliation and reduction”，然后主要叙述了激情学家给与笼统法；第二段讲述生理学家主要给与归纳法；第三、四段讲解生理激情学家又不是实足的给与归纳法。纵不雅全文，咱们不错判断出D项笼统主题。 采纳项A的内容是讲解科学解说与非科学解说的区别，著述中根柢未加波及。采纳项B是对于东说念主与动物步履的区别，与著述内容也不相符。采纳项C的内容是解说挂念感的，这也与全文内容不相符，因为文中惟一谈到激情学家时说他们觉得有些东说念主一看见狗就产生挂念感，根柢未提生理学家和分子生物学家是否如斯。 Passage 12 谜底为D项。本文的中心想想表述在第三段及临了一段，属于段中——段尾主题句。在第三段，作家觉得“Accountability isn`t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.”(“accountability”是说每个东说念主都应为他或她所作念的事极端效果承担背负和义务)。著述尾段作家再次点题，指出“we in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it”。四个选项中，惟一D项(应该有更多的东说念主接受“accountability”这种价值不雅)表述了这种想想。。插插插网